Hi there,
Thanks for visiting this page!
Please check back here often as I will be updating this resource list regualrly from now on (it's currently December 2024 - can we even believe that?).
I am vowing that every time I write a paper, from now on, I will add to this page!
I will also be setting aside a bit of time each week to integrate more of the resources I'm already using into this page, add links, etc. to make finding things a little easier for all of us. So please come back - I hope this resource helps some of you!!
Cheers, Jay
Websites and Interactive Stuff
Gender affirming voice training websites to check out :
Racialized voice stuff online:
Big Long Bibliography in APA Style
I am doing my best to organize all of this in a way that is helpful. Please forgive me if the way I've done this makes no sense to you... it makes sense in my head. <3
Trans Voice Bibliography
Disclaimer:
Some of these resources contain language I, as a nonbinary person, don't love. Note that older research might use outdated terminology but, in some cases, these papers were our starting points. With time, I may try to highlight or cross-reference works by trans authors or maybe I will simply work on adding annotations. It all depends on how much time I can put into this. For now, I just wanted to create a space where people can find resources for their research. Trans and nonbinary folks working on trans voice shouldn't have to reinvent the wheel if I'm already compiling bibiliographic material for my own work, right? Please feel free to send me recommendations for things you'd like added or suggestions for how to manage this list. Should we move it somewhere we can make it open source? Wouldn't that be cool?????
Acoustics and trans voice
Coleman, R.O. (1983). Acoustic correlates of speaker sex identification: Implications for the transsexual voice. The Journal of Sex Research, 19(3), 293-295. DOI: 10.1080/00224498309551189
Dahl, K. L. & Mahler, L. A. (2020). Acoustic features of transfeminine voices and perceptions of voice femininity. Journal of Voice, 34(6), 961.e19–961.e26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2019.05.012
Gelfer, M.P. & Schofield, K.J., (2000). Comparison of acoustic and perceptual measures of voice in male-to-female transsexuals perceived as female versus those perceived as male. Journal of Voice, 14 (1), 22-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0892-1997(00)80092-2.
Gelfer, M.P. & Bennett, Q.E. (2013). Speaking fundamental frequency and vowel formant frequencies: Effects on [erception of gender. Journal of Voice, 27(5), 556-566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2012.11.008.
Gender affirming voice pedagogy
Jackson Hearns, L. & Kremer, B. (2018). The Singing Teacher’s Guide to Transgender Voices. Plural Publishing, Inc.
Jackson Hearns, L. (2018). One Weird Trick. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
Mills, M. & Stoneham G. (2017). The Voice Book for Trans and Non-Binary People. A Practical Guide for Creating and Sustaining Authentic Voice and Communication. [Kindle iOS Version]. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Mills, M. & Stoneham G. (2020). Voice and Communication Therapy with Trans and Non-Binary People: Sharing the Clinical Space. [Kindle iOS Version]. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Nielsen, M. (2024). What About My Voice? Music Pedagogy and Trans Identity. [Thesis]. Dalhousie University.
Pullinger, A. (2020). Facilitating the Empowerment of Transgender Voices Through Singing: A Case for the Removal of Cisgendered Expectations in Western Classical Singing, and the Creation of Trans-positive Singing Spaces. Sound Connections. Retrieved from: https://www.sound-connections.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Trans-inclusion-article-FINAL.pdf
Quinn, S., Oates, J., & Dacakis, G. (In Press, published online 7 April 2022). The effectiveness of gender affirming voice training for transfeminine clients: A comparison of traditional versus intensive delivery schedules. Journal of Voice. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2022.03.001.
Gender Perception and Voice
Briton, N.J. & Hall, J.A. (1995). Beliefs about female and male nonverbal communication. Sex Roles, 32, 79–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01544758
Brody, L. (1993). On understanding gender differences in the expression of emotions: Gender roles, socialization, and language. In S.L. Ablon, D. Brown, E.J. Khantzian, & J.E. Mack (Eds.), Human Feelings: Explorations in Affect Development and Meaning. The Analytic Press, Inc.
Hancock, A. B., & Pool, S. F. (2017). Influence of listener characteristics on perceptions of sex and gender. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 36(5), 599–610. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X17704460
Hope, M., & Lilley, J. (2022). Gender expansive listeners utilize a non-binary, multidimensional conception of gender to inform voice gender perception. Brain and language, 224, 105049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2021.105049
Howansky, K., Albuja, A., & Cole, S. (2020). Seeing gender: Perceptual representations of transgender individuals. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(4), 474–482. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619875143
Marchand Knight, J.; Sares, A. G.; Deroche, M. L. D. (2023). Visual biases in evaluation of speakers’ and singers’ voice type by cis and trans listeners. Frontiers. Collection. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1046672
McNeill, E.J.M., Wilson, J.A., Clark, S., & Deakin, J. (2008). Perception of voice in the transgender client. Journal of Voice, 22(6), 727-733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2006.12.010
Northwestern University. (2007, October 25). Hearing changes how we perceive gender. ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071024133805.htm
Owen, K., & Hancock, A.B. (2010) The role of self- and listener perceptions of femininity in voice therapy. International Journal of Transgenderism, 12(4), 272-284, DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2010.550767
Peynircioǧlu, Z.F., Brent, W., Tatz, J.R., & Wyatt, J. (2017). McGurk Effect in gender identification: Vision trumps audition in voice judgments. The Journal of General Psychology, 144(1), 59-68. DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2016.1258388
Valente, N.C.J. & de Medeiros, A.M. (2020). Voice And gender incongruence: Relationship between vocal self-perception and mental health of trans women. Journal of Voice: OfficialJjournal of the Voice Foundation, S0892-1997(20)30376-3. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.10.002
Voice and Gendered Behaviours
Cartei, V., Garnham, A., Oakhill, J., Banerjee, R., Roberts, L., & Reby, D. (2019). Children can control the expression of masculinity and femininity through the voice. Royal Society Open Science, 6(7), 190656. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190656
Social Issues
DeSilva, Jessye. (2021, March 29). The Gendered Singing Voice: Burn it All Down! Singing in Popular Musics [website]. Retrieved April 5, 2021, from .https://singinginpopularmusics.com/2021/03/29/the-gendered-singing-voice-burn-it-all-down-jessye-desilva/
Hahn, E. (16 September 2021). “The perfect voice in the wrong body”: On body shaming in opera. Van Magazine [online]. (Z. Ferriday, Trans). https://van-magazine.com/mag/body-shaming-in-opera
Trans lingusitics
Zimman, L. (2020). Transgender language, transgender moment: Toward a trans linguistics. In K. Hall & R. Barrett, (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Language and Sexuality. New York: Oxford University Press.
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190212926.013.45
Trans masc voice
Block, C. Papp, V.G., & Adler, R.K. Transmasculine voice and communication. (2019). In Richard K. Adler, Sandy Hirsch, & Jack Pickering (Eds.), Voice and Communication Therapy for the Transgender/Gender Diverse Client: A Comprehensive Clinical Guide (third edition). Plural Publishing, Inc.
Davidson, S. (2024). The Transmasculine Voice: A Guide to Vocal Euphoria. London: The London Trans Choir.
Voice and Appearance
Van Borsel, J., De Cuypere, G., & Van den Berghe, H. (2001). Physical appearance and voice in male-to-female transsexuals. Journal of voice: official journal of the Voice Foundation, 15(4), 570–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0892-1997(01)00059-5
Van Borsel, J., de Pot, K., & De Cuypere, G. (2009). Voice and physical appearance in female-to-male transsexuals. Journal of voice: official journal of the Voice Foundation, 23(4), 494–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2007.10.018
Miscellaneous
Hays, S.E. (2013). Attitudes About Voice and Voice Therapy Among Transgender Individuals. [Master's Thesis, Louisiana State University]. 3936. Retrieved from: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/3936
McConnell-Ginet, S. (1978). Intonation in a man’s world. Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 3(31), 541-559.
Menezes, D. P., de Lira, Z. S., Araújo, A., de Almeida, A., Gomes, A., Moraes, B. T., & Lucena, J. A. (2022). Prosodic differences in the voices of transgender and cisgender women: Self-perception of voice - an auditory and acoustic analysis. Journal of Voice: Official Journal of the Voice Foundation, S0892-1997(21)00449-5. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2021.12.020
Oates J. & Dacakis, G. (2015). Transgender voice and communication: Research evidence underpinning voice intervention for male-to-female transsexual women. Perspectives on Voice and Voice Disorders, 25(2), 48-58. https://doi.org/10.1044/vvd25.2.48
Oates, J. (2019). Evidence-based practice in voice training for trans women. In R.K. Adler, S. Hirsch, & J. Pickering (Eds), Voice and Communication Therapy for the Transgender/Gender Diverse Client: A Comprehensive Clinical Guide (third edition). Plural Publishing, Inc.
Puts, D.A., Gaulin, S.J.C., & Verdolini, K. (2006) Dominance and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in human voice pitch. Evolution and Human Behavior, 27(4), 283-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.11.003
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Racialized Voice Bibliography
Bennett, J. (2017, February 27). The Complicated History of Marian Anderson’s Met Debut. WQXR. Retrieved March 28, 2021, from
https://www.wqxr.org/story/complicated-history-marian-andersons-met-debut/
Bernheimer, M. (1985, February 17) ...Yes, But Are We Really Color Deaf? Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 5, 2021 from https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-02-17-ca-3511-story.html
Booker, B. (2015, August 4). Metropolitan Opera to Drop Use of Blackface-Style Makeup in ‘Otello.’ NPR. Retrieved June 20, 2019, from https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/08/04/429366961/metropolitan-opera-to-drop-use-of-blackface-style-makeup-in-otello
Cheatham, W. (1999). African-American Women Singers at the Metropolitan Opera before Leontyne Price. The Journal of Negro History, 84(2), 167-181. doi:10.2307/2649045
Dechausay, L. (2019, July 12). Salem’s First Accused ‘Witch’ was an Enslaved West Indian Woman. This Opera Tells her Story. CBC. Retrieved April 16, 2021, from https://www.cbc.ca/arts/exhibitionists/salem-s-first-accused-witch-was-an-enslaved-west-indian-woman-this-opera-tells-her-story-1.5208588
De Groot, J. (1989). ‘Sex’ and ‘Race’: The Construction of Language and Image in the Nineteenth Century. In S. Mendus and Rendall J. (Eds.), Sexuality and Subordination: Interdisciplinary studies of gender in the nineteenth century. (pp. 37-60).
Eidsheim, N.S. (2008). Voice as a technology of selfhood: towards an analysis of racialized timbre and vocal performance. [Doctoral dissertation]. UC San Diego.
https://escholarship.org/content/qt0h8841kp/qt0h8841kp.pdf
Eidsheim, N.S. & Whelden, S. (2019/2021). “Where were you when you found out singer Bobby Caldwell was white?”: Racialized timbre as narrative arc. In E.I. Dolan & E. Rehding (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Timbre. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190637224.013.29
Eidsheim, N.S. (2019). The Race of Sound: Listening, Timbre, and Vocality in African American Music. Durham: Duke University Press.
Finkelstein, Z., Lindberg, J. (2020, July 20). Discrimination in Casting Black Singers at the Metropolitain Opera. The Middleclass Artist. Retrieved 10 April, 2021, from https://www.middleclassartist.com/post/discrimination-in-casting-black-singers-at-the-metropolitan-opera
Foster, K. (2007, August 28). Sissieretta Jones (1869-1933). Blackpast. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/jones-sissieretta-1869-1933/
Gelb, Peter. (ND). Black Voices at The Met. The Metropolitan Opera [website]. Retrieved March 12, 2021, from https://www.metopera.org/discover/articles/black-voices-at-the-met/
Holmes, H. (2020, February 13). The Met Casts Anna Netrebko as ‘Aida’ Despite Her Past Controversy in the Role. Observer. Retrieved December 15, 2020, from https://observer.com/2020/02/anna-netrebko-aida-met-opera-casting-2020-2021-season-details/
Holmes, K. (2019, October 15). Jessye Norman and The Struggle for Black Pathos. Black Perspectives. Retrieved April 17, 2021, from https://www.aaihs.org/jessye-norman-and-the-struggle-for-black-pathos/
Gustafson, A. (2017, February 8). The Soprano Who Upended Americans’ Racist Stereotypes About Who Could Sing Opera. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 12 April, 2021, from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/story-elizabeth-taylor-greenfield-americas-first-black-pop-star-180962077/
Lebrecht, N. (2018, September 20) Anna Netrebko Goes Brownface in Met’s Aida. Slipped Disc. Retrieved November 17, 2019, from https://slippedisc.com/2018/09/anna-netrebko-goes-brownface-in-mets-aida/
McLellan, J. (1990, February 19). The Telling ‘Legacy of Roland Hayes.’” The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 April, 2021, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1990/02/19/the-telling-legacy-of-roland-hayes/624d19bb-0f3b-47dc-a609-18853cc8a1d5/
McWhorter, J. (2016, March 15). Thick of Tongue. Guernica. Retrieved February 13, 2021, from https://www.guernicamag.com/thick-of-tongue/
The Metropolitan Opera. (ND). Black Voices at the Met. The Metropolitan Opera [website]. Retrieved April 15, 2021. https://www.metopera.org/discover/archives/black-voices-at-the-met/
No Author. (1976). Sissieretta Jones (1868-1933). The Black Perspective in Music, 4(2), 191-201. doi:10.2307/1214508
Norris, R. (2007). Opera and the Mainstreaming of Blackface Minstrelsy. Journal of the Society for American Music, 1(3), 341-365. doi:10.1017/S1752196307070113
Olage, G. (2004). The class and colour of tone: An essay on the social history of vocal timbre. Ethnomusicology Forum, 13:2, 203-226, DOI: 10.1080/1741191042000286167
Rankin, K. (2015, September 23). The Metropolitan Opera Will Finally Stop Using Blackface on Stage. Colorlines. Retrieved April 13, 2021, from https://www.colorlines.com/articles/metropolitan-opera-will-finally-stop-using-blackface-stage#:~:text=Until%20now%2C%20every%20actor%20who,The%20Met%20has%20worn%20blackface.&text=As%20it%20heads%20into%20the,its%20productions%20of%20%E2%80%9COtello.%E2%80%9D
Stamberg, S. (2014, April 9). Denied A Stage, She Sang For A Nation. NPR. Retrieved, April 16, 2021. https://www.npr.org/2014/04/09/298760473/denied-a-stage-she-sang-for-a-nation
Thurman, K. (2019). Performing Lieder, Hearing Race: Debating Blackness, Whiteness, and German Identity in Interwar Central Europe. Journal of the American Musicological Society, 72 (3): 825–865. https://doi.org/10.1525/jams.2019.72.3.825
Wigler, S. (1991, March 10). Simon Estes Story: Only in America. retrieved 29 March, 2021, from, The Baltimore Sun. https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-03-10-1991069168-story.html
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Critical Race (not music specific)
Morgan, J.L. (2004). “‘Some Could suckle over Their Shoulder’: Male Travelers, Female bodies, and the Gendering of Racial Ideology”, p12-49 in Laboring Women. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Correlates of Voice and Sex
Evans, S., Neave, N., & Wakelin, D. (2006). Relationships between vocal characteristics and body size and shape in human males: An evolutionary explanation for a deep male voice. Biological Psychology, 72(2), 160-163.
Fach Stuff
Allen, J. (2012). An Analysis and Discussion of Zwischenfach Voices. [Doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University]. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/79564063.pdf
Cotton, Sandra. (2007). Voice Classification and Fach: Recent, Historical and Conflicting Systems of Voice Categorization. [Doctoral dissertation, Greensboro: The University of North Carolina Greensboro]. https://musref.lib.byu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/NelsonRebekahBibApproved200722.pdf
No Author. (2001-2021). Soubrette. Online Etymology Dictionary. https://www.etymonline.com/word/soubrette
Gender Studies (not music specific)
Butler, J. (1990). Gender Trouble. [Kobo Version]. Routledge Classics.
Gratton, C. (2016) Resisting the gender binary: The use of (ING) in the construction of non-binary transgender identities. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics, 22(2), Article 7. Available at: https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol22/iss2/7
Halberstam, J. (1998/2018). Female Masculinity. Duke University Press.
Kiss, C. (3 June 2018). The idea that trans men are “lesbians in denial” is demeaning and wrong. The Economist. Retrieved from https://www.economist.com/open-future/2018/07/03/the-idea-that-trans-men-are-lesbians-in-denial-is-demeaning-and-wrong
Lugones, M. (2010). Toward a Decolonial Feminism. Hypati, 25(4), 742-759. Retrieved April12, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40928654
Morgenroth, T. & Ryan, M. K. (2018). Gender trouble in social psychology: How can Butler's work inform experimental social psychologists' conceptualization of gender? Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1320. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01320
Williams, C. (2015). Judith Butler on Gender and the Trans Experience: "One Should be Free to Determine the Course of one’s Gendered Life" [blog and interview with Judith Butler]. Verso. https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/2009-judith-butler-on-gender-and-the-trans-experience-one-should-be-free-to-determine-the-course-of-one-s-gendered-life
Opera and Inclusivity
Salsbery Fry, D. (2018). Diverse and inclusive casting is an artistic breakthrough of operatic proportions. Opera and Disability [website/blog]. https://www.operaanddisability.com/blog/diverse-and-inclusive-casting-is-an-artistic-breakthrough-of-operatic-proportions
Singing Voice Perception
Shrivastav, R. & Wingate, J. (2008). Perceptual attributes of the singing voice. In M.S. Benninger & T. Murry (Eds.), The Singer’s Voice. Plural Publishing, Inc.
Voice and Body Size/Shape
Pawelec, Ł. P., Graja, K., & Lipowicz, A. (2020). Vocal indicators of size, shape and body composition in Polish men. Journal of voice: official journal of the Voice Foundation, S0892-1997(20)30352-0. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.09.011
Puts, D. A., Apicella, C. L., & Cárdenas, R. A. (2012). Masculine voices signal men's threat potential in forager and industrial societies. Proceedings. Biological sciences, 279(1728), 601–609. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0829
Rendall, D., Kollias, S., Ney, C., & Lloyd, P. (2005). Pitch (F0) and formant profiles of human vowels and vowel-like baboon grunts: the role of vocalizer body size and voice-acoustic allometry. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 117(2), 944–955. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1848011
Schild C, Aung T, Kordsmeyer TL, Cardenas RA, Puts DA, & Penke L. (2020/2021). Linking human male vocal parameters to perceptions, body morphology, strength and hormonal profiles in contexts of sexual selection. Scientific Reports. 2020 Dec 4;10(1):21296. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77940-z. Erratum in: Scientific Reports. 2021 May 3;11(1):9780. PMID: 33277544; PMCID: PMC7719159
***
Orientalism (not Carmen specific)
James, R. (1990). Ravel's "Chansons madécasses:" Ethnic Fantasy or Ethnic Borrowing? The Musical Quarterly, 74(3), 360-384. Retrieved April 19, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/741937
No author. (2007, May 11). Lakmé by Léo Delibes. https://www.npr.org/2007/05/11/10112052/lakme-by-leo-delibes
No Author. (2019, February 25). Ravel’s Chansons madécasses. GMG Classical Music Forum [Website]. https://www.good-music-guide.com/community/index.php?topic=28866.0
Pasler, J. (2020). Revisiting Debussy’s Relationships with Otherness: Difference, Vibrations, and the Occult.Music and Letters. 101 (2). Pp. 321–342
Ballo in maschera
Bottez, A. (2017, December 27). Un Ballo in Maschera. Plays to See. International Theatre Review. Retrieved 2021, April 5, from https://playstosee.com/un-ballo-maschera/
Schwartz, A. (2015). Medium Specificity: Response to Rebecca Schneider. The Opera Quarterly. 31(3), pp.176-181.
Carmen
Bartoli, J. (1997). L'orientalisme dans la musique française du XIXe siècle: La ponctuation, la seconde augmentée et l'apparition de la modalité dans les procédures exotiques. Revue Belge De Musicologie / Belgisch Tijdschrift Voor Muziekwetenschap, 51, 137-170. doi:10.2307/3687188
BFI. (2016, September 8). Carmen Jones (1954) Clip | Out on BFI Blu-ray 19 September | BFI. [Clip of Dorothy Dandrdge lip syncing, Marilyne Horne singing]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_88YGrzRcmw
Bradford, A. (2018, November 26). Roma Culture: Customs, Traditions & Beliefs. Live Science. Retrieved January 20, 2021, from https://www.livescience.com/64171-roma-culture.html
Colmeiro, J.F. (2002). Exorcising Exoticism: "Carmen" and the Construction of Oriental Spain. Comparative Literature, 54: 2, 127-144. Duke University Press on behalf of the University of Oregon. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4122479
Cooper, Michael. ( 2016, April 11) .What Nietzsche’s love of Carmen can say about his hatred of women. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved April 9, 2021, from
Davis, L. (2018). Carmen is one of the Greatest Operas of all Time. Here are 5 Reasons Why. Classic FM [Website]. Retrieved April16, 2021, from https://www.classicfm.com/composers/bizet/carmen-opera-story-habanera/
Gaino, G.K.N. (2019, May 8). Women of Color Decolonize the Art of Carmen. Seattle Opera [blog]. Retrieved April 7, 2021, from https://www.seattleoperablog.com/2019/05/women-of-color-decolonize-art-of-carmen.html
Huizenga, T. (2007, September 22). Carmen on the Couch: Analyzing Bizet’s Bold Heroine. NPR. Retrieved April 5, 2021, from https://www.npr.org/2007/09/22/14347881/carmen-on-the-couch-analyzing-bizets-bold-heroine
McClary, S. (1992). Structures of Identity and Difference in Carmen. Women: A Cultural Review. 3(1), 1-15. DOI: 10.1080/09574049208578099
No Author. (2020, October 10). Fascination and Hatred: The Roma in European Culture. National World War II Museum New Orleans. Retrieved April 10, 2021, from https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/roma-european-culture
Salazar, F. (2017, September 6). Six Sopranos Who Recorded or Performed ‘Carmen.’ Opera Wire. Retrieved 14 April, 2021, from https://operawire.com/six-sopranos-who-recorded-or-performed-carmen/
Smith Galer, S. How Carmen went from Tragic Figure to Feminist Icon. BBC Culture. Retrieved April 5, 2021 from https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20180207-how-carmen-went-from-tragic-heroine-to-feminist-icon
Smith, J.P. (2003). Black Faces, White Voices: The Politics of Dubbing in Carmen Jones. The Velvet Light Trap, 51(1):29-42. DOI: 10.1353/vlt.2003.0010
Smithsonian. (N.D.). "Gypsies" in the United States. Smithsonian Education [Website]. Retrieved April 10, 2021, from http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/migrations/gyp/gypstart.html
Tsou, Judy. (2019, April 23). Cultural Contrast in Bizet’s Carmen at the Opera-Comique. Seattle Opera [blog]. Retrieved April 12, 2021, from https://www.seattleoperablog.com/2019/04/cultural-contrast-in-bizets-carmen-at.html
The Crucible
Drama Online. (nd). The Crucible. Retrieved April 1, 2021, from, https://www.dramonline.org/albums/robert-ward-the-crucible/notes
Foster, H. Tituba. (2014, April 10). Blackpast [website]. Retrieved April6, 2021, from https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/tituba/#:~:text=Tituba%20was%20a%20slave%20in,been%20from%20the%20West%20Indies
Miller, A. (1996, October 13). Why I Wrote “The Crucible.”The New Yorker. Retrieved April 9, 2021, form, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1996/10/21/why-i-wrote-the-crucible
Porgy and Bess
Levy, G. (2016, November 2). The Controversies of ‘Porgy and Bess.’ The Post and Courier. Retrieved April14, 2021 from https://www.postandcourier.com/features/arts_and_travel/the-controversies-of-porgy-and-bess/article_af44d384-2b59-52c2-a4c7-a07602b663f6.html
The Rake's Progress
Harris, J.C. (2003). A Rake’s Progress: “Bedlam.” Arch Gen Psychiatry. 60(4), pp 338-339. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.4.338
Sciff, D. (1997). Redeeming the Rake. The Atlantic. Retrieved 10 February 2019, from https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1997/11/redeeming-the-rake/376992/
Wagner
The Guardian. (2000, July 21) Can We Forgive Him? The Guardian UK [Website]. Retrieved April17, 2021, from https://www.theguardian.com/friday_review/story/0,3605,345459,00.html
Goldensohn, B. (1996). Wagner and Antisemitism. Salmagundi, (112), 246-254. Retrieved April 20, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40548912https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/story-elizabeth-taylor-greenfield-americas-first-black-pop-star-180962077/
Pritchard, J., Maltz, J. Mourbyasks, A., Curter, P., and Cole, D. Film Reviews: ‘Wagner’s Jews’ By Hilan Warshaw, 2018. Retrieved April17, 2021, from http://wagner.org.au/views-reviews/film-reviews-wagners-jews-hilan-warshaw-2018
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Other Cool Stuff
McGurk, H., MacDonald, J. (1976). Hearing lips and seeing voices. Nature 264, 746–748 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1038/264746a0
Opera America. (2021, April 15). Belonging in Opera: Learning from Our Past, Engaging with Our Future. Opera America [Website]. Retrieved April 17, 2021, from
Patch, W. (1984). German Social History and Labor History: A Troubled Partnership. The Journal of Modern History, 56(3), 483-498. Retrieved April 20, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1880021
Smith, E. L., Grabowecky, M., & Suzuki, S. (2007). Auditory-visual crossmodal integration in perception of face gender. Current Biology, 17(19), 1680–1685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.08.043
Tezare, K. (2015). Gender Bias Quiz. (R. Wong, Ed.). Commonwealth of Learning. Retrieved from: https://oasis.col.org/items/9a190271-fd2f-4149-8c44-a7e8d642ad36
Thompson, W.F., Russo, F.A., & Livingstone, S.R. (2010). Facial expressions of singers influence perceived pitch relations. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17, 317–322. https://doi.org/10.3758/PBR.17.3.317
Vasyura, S. (2008). Psychology of male and female communicative activity. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 11(1), 289-300. doi:10.1017/S1138741600004327.